Extreme Sports Motivation

Extreme Sports Motivational Factors Lawrence Cannon December 4, 2011 PE 5880 Abstract In the 1970s, extreme sports had been growing rapidly since its introduction. However, there has been little research done on extreme sport participants. In specific, the reason why consumers participate in extreme sports has not yet been investigated, although the number of participants and spectators of extreme sports is rapidly growing. Since motivation is a significant factor of sport participation behavior, it is essential for the sport marketer to understand psychological needs and motivations of extreme sport participants.The purpose of this study is to analyze motivational factors of people who become involved in extreme sports. The researchers modified and applied the scale of sports participant motivation. The original scale includes forty one items which represent many motivational factors like achievement, competition, social facilitation, skill mastery, physical fitness, risk-taking, af filiation, aesthetics, aggression, value development, self-esteem, self-actualization, and stress release.A total of several samples will be included in the current study. The researcher collected the cases at the X Game Sports and Freestyle Motocross World Championships held in the United States. A chain of ANOVA and MANOVA tests will contain the data analyses. The hypothesis will suggest that extreme sport participants have a high level of motivation in fun and imitation, which are two more structures added to the original scales.The analysis of the data may also reveal that motivation of extreme sport participants vary across gender and past experience. This study will advance the knowledge base of consumer motivation research in the field of sport marketing and provides leaders in the extreme sport industry with meaningful implications. At the end of the day, the result of present studies will support the extreme sports industry in predicting the trend of action sports consumer behavior. IntroductionExtreme sports are â€Å"activities that either ideologically or practically provide alternatives to mainstream sports and mainstream sport values† (Rinehart, 2000, p 506). The increased number of events and participants in extreme sports support the trend of growth in extreme sports (Liberman, 2004; Ostrowski, 2002). In the 2002 statistics, about eighty-six million people were participating in extreme sports (Ostrowski, 2002). According to American Sports Data, within the U. S. port industry, extreme sport generated one-third of sporting goods sales, which totaled to more than $14 billion (Liberman, 2004). Although the overall number of sport participants in the U. S. has increased about ten percent over the last decade, the number of participants and spectators in dominant sports such as basketball and volleyball has decreased (Stotlar, 2002). This trend in the sport industry further supports that emerging sport activities such as extreme sports gain t heir popularity by becoming mainstream sports (Kress, 2003; Ostrowski, 2002).While the increased interest in motivational factors draws scholars to conduct research to investigate psychological principles of dominant sport participants, research on sport consumers in extreme sports has not been a main focus of investigation within academic area of sport management and marketing. Hereafter, there is very little information in the literature regarding the characteristics of extreme sports and its consumer’s behavior. Considering the current trend and the future prospect of extreme sports, scientific and systematic analysis of sport consumers in the extreme sport industry needs to be conducted.In particular, in order to continue and improve the profitability and productivity of the extreme sport market, sport marketers should have better understanding of the fundamental needs and wants of extreme sports participants. Needs of Study The study of motivation in sports has been cond ucted in various segments such as general physical activities. As the market becomes competitive within the extreme sport industry, the lack of experiential research on sport consumers, the results will widen the gap between the academic and the practical field of knowledge regarding extreme sport consumers.To fill this gap within the sport industry and sport study, there is just as much need to explore the motivation of sport consumption. Without any understanding of the motives of sport customers, sport marketers cannot successfully achieve their marketing outcomes. Thus, an investigation of what motivates sport consumption would be the first step for future development of the action sport industry. Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze motivational factors of people who become involved in extreme sports.This study will advance the knowledge base of consumer motivation research in the field of sport marketing and provide implications for sport marketers within the emergi ng sport industry. This study is meaningful because the consumption motivation provides a more in-depth useful tool for determining the behavior of consumers than asking â€Å"why† (Beck, 1990). The Significance of the Study The goal of this study is to develop a better understanding of extreme sports consumers and action sport itself, then further investigate motivational factors of participants in action sports.Moreover, this research contributes to the extreme sport industry and the field of sport marketing by developing a knowledge base of extreme sport participants. Literature Review The literature review on the extreme sports industry regards the demographics, trends, characteristics of the sport consumer behavior and motivation of spectators, as well as participation in general sports. Through the process of reviewing motives of sport participants, the researcher will investigate the growth factors of extreme sports in business and the following importance of the motiv ation study: What is extreme sports?Who are targets? Why do people participate in extreme sports as consumers? What is the value of the motivational factors in sport concepts? Extreme sports are defined as a relatively new form of sport or â€Å"a combination of extraordinary individual achievement and unmatched personal enjoyment† (Rinehart & Sydnor, 2003, p. 3). Another interpretation for extreme sports is mostly individual sports that have risk, danger or unconventional rules or techniques which differ from dominant team sports (Bennett, Henson & Zhang, 2002). While dominant team sports like ootball and baseball are rooted in a traditional value such as cooperation, teamwork, character-building and group competition. The various types of sports that are called extreme sports are roller-blading, windsurfing, sky diving, dancing, surfing, BMX, mountain biking, eco-challenging, kayaking, white water sports, climbing, surfing, skateboarding, extreme skiing and snowboarding (Ri nehart & Sydnor, 2003). Thus, extreme sports participants or athletes often perform daredevil acrobatic stunts which are dangerous at high speed.They tend to show off skills for spectators and stimulate viewers to try to be like. Motivation is defined as an act of instance of motivating, or providing with a reason  to act in a certain way which serves as a factor in determining an individual’s behavior or social conduct in a given situation. As a mentioned that the motive of motivation study for consumers is based on aim to discover how influences the past or present behavior on current decision making of the consumer. In general, motivation is important tool for understanding consumer behavior.There are some words that have been introduced to the general public, such as; â€Å"dizzying,† â€Å"hyper caffeinated,† or â€Å"edgy, adrenaline- inducing pursuits† are used to describe their experience with extreme sports. They are conversant with the languag e of dominant sports (Spiegel, 1998). In the year 2003, Howe describe some extreme sports as having grown out of the board sport culture of snowboarding, derived from surfing and skateboarding (Howe, 2003). In the same way, there are many examples of new unoriginal typical sports like; BMX racing and mountain biking are rooted in cycling.Others are barefoot water skiing stems from traditional water skiing. In-line skating was developed from roller skating. In the journal article â€Å"Gender Differences in Beliefs about the Influence of Ability and Effort in Sport and Physical Activity† their study was to explore the different gender in reasoning about the relationships between natural ability, effort, practice, and final skill level, performance across sixteen physical activities at both recreational levels. Their participants were one hundred fifty three college students that had enrolled six physical activity classes.They completed two questionnaires. Their results indicat ed that in physical activity domains, male students tended to have a much better natural tempo ability that as a more significant for successful skill level and performance as female students did. Their beliefs seemed to vary for activities that are gender-linked. For all the participants, natural ability was viewed as more important at the recreational level. A strategy for practitioners and coaches was to use encouragement beliefs for effectiveness of developing a challenging for conception of sports as gender-typed and promoting the concept of sports for all.In the journal article â€Å"The Extreme Sports of Research†, Mr. Bartoletti discusses the steps shared from several members of the â€Å"Team Extreme Research† group and how their methods and practices went. The group talked about how extreme sports are having a major impact on youth sport activities. School-age athletes are attracted to the fun and excitement of extreme sports such as snowboarding, BMX cycling , and skateboarding. One of the original extreme sporting events, pole vaulting, is a unique and exciting event that has been part of the scholastic track and field program for more than half a century.What I found in â€Å"Situational state balances and participation motivation in youth sport: A reversal theory perspective† Their purpose of their study was to examine the relationship between situational state balances and motives for sport and physical activity participation in adolescents using the theoretical framework of reversal theory. Their participation motives and the interacting factors of their situational state balances, gender, and level of participation were examined. The secondary school students were ages about fourteen to twenty years old who participated in competitive or recreational sport.The factor analysis were the participation motives yielded factors to which ANOVAs and MANOVAs were applied with situational state balance, gender, and participation leve l as independent variables. Their factor analysis resulted in seven motive factors: status, team, friend, excitement, challenge, skill, energy release, fitness, and situational factors. Their ANOVAs and MANOVAs indicated significant differences in the sport motives between the situational state balances, genders, and levels of participation, and between pairs of situational state balance groups in males and females of competitive and recreational level.Methodology The purpose of this is to identify suitable methodological procedures. The methodology is described be the relation to the following aspects of the study: survey instrument scale, the research of the questionnaire and ANOVAs and MANOVAs data analysis procedures. Questions 1) What are the extreme sports motivational factors for the participants? 2) How many different motivational factors are there in extreme sports by gender and experience? Proceed of Study I will apply a survey instrument which was developed by McDonald, M ilne and Hong, in 2003.This will be examined to measure motivational factors of extreme sports participants because the existing scale is focused on motivations of both several sports participants and spectators. The survey instrument was modified by wording changes from existing scale through a field test and panel of experts and item purification through a trial test. As a second step for modifying the existing scale, a trial test was employed to test reliability of the survey instrument.The revised instrument by panel of experts was administrated to a representative sample of the target population. The researcher selected a convenience sample of students from the Sport Management classes of a large University. The participants of trial test will not be included in the final sample. The format for the survey instrument will be a seven-point format ranging from â€Å"1-10 grading scale. † With one being the lowest and ten begin the highest. Then a questionnaire will be appli ed of two parts.First, respondents will be asked to provide their demographic information and experiences regarding to extreme sports, such as gender, ethnic background, age, level of participants in action sports, a period of time that participation in extreme sports and type of extreme sports what they have participated in. The second part contained items of motivational factors in relation to participation in extreme sports. The survey instrument contains several items with many motivation scales. The researcher will scheduled for data collection from extreme sport competition at the X Game Sports, Freestyle Motocross World Championships.This competition, part of the Extreme Sports Championships, features the season-ending World Championships events for skateboarding, BMX, inline skating and freestyle motocross. The researcher sampled from the audiences who are interest in participating in extreme sports. The size of sample will deal with the age ranges between13-35. The research er employed trained staffs to survey at the competition. Each staff will provide survey packets, each containing a questionnaire, a cover letter explaining the purpose of the study and directions for completing the questionnaire, and pens.The survey instrument includes the following information: personal information, the purpose of the study, confidentiality, directions on responding to questions, and appreciation for the respondent’s cooperation. In the actual survey, the trained staff for the survey introduces the purpose of the study and explains specific procedures and methods to the subject before the data collection to minimize the non-response data missing. At this point, the collected data will be analyzed by using ANOVA and MANOVA to identify the significance of motivational factors of action sports participants. DiscussionsIt is important for sports marketers to understand basic needs of sport consumers. In particular, it is necessary to investigate the sport consum ption motivation in extreme sport based upon their demographic and psychographic characteristics (Bennett, Henson, & Zhang, 2003). However, there has not been organized research on extreme sport consumption motivation. This study examined motivation for extreme sports participants. Sport marketers may utilize this proposal to develop effective marketing strategies like market segmentation, differentiated program service offering to satisfy the needs and wants of extreme sports consumers.These results strengthen the relation between each groups and motivation factors to contribute to sport motivation studies. The unique contribution of the present study is verifying two new motivational factors; fun, enjoyment, trend and imitation. I think that the results may show that the mean score of fun and enjoyment will be the highest for both male and female groups although there was no significant difference between these two groups. Extreme sports participants will rate their fun and enjoym ent as the most important motive and considerable effects.Thus, that I did hypothesized that some participants in extreme sports might be involved in the activities based upon their elective choice for fun and enjoyment. Also, the mean score of trend and imitation may be somewhat high for gender groups and experience groups. I have recognized that younger people who are interested in winter sports such as skiing or skating move to new sports such as snowboarding and extreme skiing. The researcher considered that younger people attempt to follow their peer group not only for fashion or music trend but also for sports activities.With this happening the researcher made a decision to try to investigate by adding the trend and imitation to the existing motivation scale. Another important finding is that different characteristics of extreme sports like fun, enjoyment, risk-taking and aesthetics were rated higher than other motivational factors by extreme sports participants including, par ticularly among male and the expert-level experience groups. This outcome suggests that sport marketers in extreme sports should develop differentiated marketing strategies focused on male participants and expert-level participants.In general, an extreme sport has been considered to be emerging sports just for our generation. However, this study suggests different point of view for sports marketers and scholars. Interestingly, all board-sports like snowboarding, skateboarding and surfing in this study, these extreme sports ranked top three among thirteen types of extreme sports. It will allow academics and practitioners in extreme sports to accompany with other leading or traditional sports because extreme sports have its origin to the board culture, which has a long history (Howe, 1998).For this reason, sport marketers at the extreme sports industry may able to use the marketing strategies for leading sports as cross-promotion for extreme sports focusing on the targeted consumers. At the end of the day, the discussion of the present study will support practioners in the extreme sports industry in predicting the consumption behavior of action sports participants. Further, the present study may lead sports marketers and managers to utilize the motives found for effective marketing strategies. Accordingly, sport marketers in extreme sports could highlight their targeted promotion with present study ideas.To promote and move the sports consumer for successful sport marketing, the motivation based knowledge is the first step to be studied by scholars. For the future studies, I will apply ethnic background groups and different extreme sports events participant groups regarding extreme sports consumption behavior. Conclusion In conclusion, understanding consumer is fundamental to the marketing concept. This research of motivations factors are an important determinant of extreme sports consumer behavior. Future research is needed to better develop these constructs an d explore how motivation can be utilized as a segmenting tool.Such an understanding might lend itself to predicting the possibility of an individual engaging in various extreme sporting activities. Finally, sport consumption is a complicated activity in which participation and imputer are often twisted. While this study examined participation and imputer separately, future research is needed to under the relations and connections between these consumptions territory. References Bartoletti, S. (2011, April, May). The extreme sport of research. The Horn Book Magazine 87. p. 24-30 Beck, R. C. (1990). The nature of motivation theory.Motivation: theories and principles (3rd ed. ). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Bennett, G. , Henson, R. K. & Zhang, J. (2003). Perceived status of the action sports segmentamong college students. International Sports Journal, 7(1), 95-138. Cindy, H. P. , & Lindner, Koenraad, J. (2006). Situational state balances and participation motivation in you th sport: A reversal theory perspective. British Journal of Educational Psychology 76 , 369-384. Howe, S. (1998). (Sick): A cultural history of snowboarding. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Kress, A. (2003). To the extreme.The business Journal Phoenix. 23(48). 3 Li, Weidong; Lee, Amelia M; Solmon, Melinda A. (2006). Gender differences in beliefs about the influence of ability and effort in sport and physical activity. 147-156. Liberman, N. (2004). New heights or a crash landing? Street & Smith’s Sports Business Journal,July 12-18, p 25. Ostrowski, J. (2002). Corporate America makes pitchmen of pariahs. Street & Smith’s SportsBusiness Journal. Aug. 12-18, p. 19, 26. Rinehart, R. E. (2000). Arriving sport: Alternatives to formal sports, in Jay Coakley and EricDunning (eds. ), Handbook of Sports Studies.Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publication. Rinehart, R. E. & Sydnor, S. (eds. ). (2003). To the extreme: Alternative sports, inside and out. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Spiegel, P. (1998, December 14). Gen-X-tremist pitchmen. Forbes, 188. Sporting GoodsManufacturers Association (SMGA). (2001a). Sports Participation Top Line Report2000. North Palm Beach, FL: Sporting Goods Manufacturing Association. Stotlar, D. K. (2002). A decade of evolution: The sport industry. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11(1), 55-58. http://www. dissertations. wsu. edu/Thesis/Fall2004/h_park_122104. pdf

Decision Making and Enron’s Control Essay

Introduction – Students, analysts and critics of modern business practice will always consider the colossal Enron collapse as an important text book case about how a lot of different things inside the company can trigger a nearly overnight downfall of a once prestigious company. If there was any Cinderella story in the world of blue chip trading and high portfolio business, Enron was the ultimate opposite, if not the witch herself who was killed by her own lethal potion. The Enron collapse resulted in the formulating of many different opinions pointing to the many different possible reasons why Enron – with all the promise and potential that it has a few years before it went south – made the nosedive that made it one of the worst disasters in the history of trade, commerce and business. There is no doubt that most of the opinions that surfaced explaining the reason why such an eventuality befell Enron placed the blame on the wrong things that the top management echelon did for the company; they are after all the one which is responsible for the present and the future of Enron. Critics looking at the Enron debacle scrutinized what happened leading to the collapse using many different perspectives and considering many different factors, both in the professional capability of the company’s leaders as well as the impact of the surrounding factors beyond Enron’s control. One of the most important facets in the debate regarding the fall of Enron is decision making. Evidently, a lot of wrong decisions were made, with one every wrong decision acting as a building block that eventually became an insurmountable wall of consequences all borne out of wrong or faulty decision making processes that yielded results that did the company more harm than good. Indeed, the decision making linchpins significant to the establishment of the case that the Enron collapse was due in some extent to the decision making aspect of the leadership strata of the company can be identified easily as it is scattered throughout the timeline of Enron’s very near and not so distant past leading to the eventual fall of the company that hid behind the faà §ade of the building the ugliness created by the qualities of its leaders that caused the chaos that burned down Enron down to meager, worthless ashes. This paper will pick the significant moments wherein the decision making capabilities and abilities of its top management leaders were at play and use these moments to establish the ethical and other considerations coming to play during the analysis of the decision making efforts of the leaders and why the outcome of such exercises led to the fall of Enron and not towards the company’s betterment, which is the main task of the company’s top executives. The paper will utilize these occasions to stress its argument regarding the role of effective, ethical and sound decision making of top executives leading to either the success or bankruptcy of companies, in this case that of Enron, and discuss key aspects of this line of thought. The paper will not criminalize the actions of the executives of Enron; rather, it will infuse inputs from other professionals regarding important aspects in the discussion of corporate decision making (ethics, result-orientation, etc). Background – Various angles have already been explored by many different individuals every time the topic of analysis is Enron and its collapse. Because of this, the paper is moving to focus on an aspect that is focused more on Kenneth Lay and the rest of his top executive clique’s personal characteristic that could have played an important role in the outcome of Enron’s operation. Decision making is both a personal characteristic as it is a professional credential, even an asset. Some people are being paid handsome amounts of money for their ability to transform decision making moments into an opportunity that provides a positive result and expected outcome for the company. Ehringer (1995) puts it simply: ‘The ability to make good decisions is the defining quality of our lives’ (Ehringer, 1995, p. 1). When Lay, Skilling, Fastow and other Enron bosses were placed in their respective positions, they were expected to exercise a high level of intuitiven ess, business acumen and professional foresight so that every decision making opportunity is met with the company’s best interest long term and short term in mind. They were where they were because those who placed them there believed that they can make decisions to which the company can benefit from. When Enron collapse, many people and organizations criticized the questioned the decision making capabilities of the top executives – was the collapse an effect of the result of the decision that they made? Was the decision made putting the benefit of the company and the employees first, or are the decisions shaped so that it benefited them first? How bad was the breach in the ethical considerations that a professional should take every time he or she makes a decision that puts the future of the company on the line? These are just some of the questions that may also be present in the minds of those who followed the Enron case. Sure there were varying degrees of deception and fraudulent acts from the part of many select individuals who sinned against Enron and its employees, but these cases would have been minimized or even averted altogether if the important decision making privileges was limited to a select few, or if the future-altering decision making capability is disseminated largely among a huge group of people that can provide a check and balance system for Enron. Roberts (2004) explained that ‘ if it is possible for others to make the decisions for a unit, then new options arise to design the decision-making process as well as the incentive schemes to get better performance on both dimensions. For example, the design might specify that a decision about a project arising in one unit that affects another would be implemented if and only if both units agree to it,† (Roberts, 2004, p.151). Enron is an energy trading firm which was performing well in the early part of its existence. By the s tart of the 21st century, the problems that the bosses were trying to hide from the public and from the employees started to stank. Soon, events unfolded like dominoes falling one after the other as a consequence of information spilling out into the public’s attention. Before 2004, the public already had a clear idea about how Enron bosses were supposedly the one responsible for the defrauding of the employees and their company shares and other benefits, as well as the one responsible for the bankruptcy of Enron. One by one, key company officials stepped out of the light and implicated a new name, which will in turn implicate a much bigger name, until the dragnet sent out to see who was accountable for the fraudulent acts in Enron caught its top bosses, including Lay, Skilling and Fastow. Many individuals faced criminal charges, and many more simply went home not just jobless but are robbed of lifetime investments which Enron bosses manipulated and soon lost because of the wrong decisions they made on how to run the company and make it prosper and grow. Examples of how Enron management made wrong decisions during decision making moments abound in the history of the company. Take for example what happened in 1987 – instead of declaring the $190 million loss the company experienced, they concealed it instead, leading to criminal charges. This habit of Enron for opting to conceal losses instead of declaring it became a dangerous vice; when Fastow was aboard Enron, the same outlook affected the decision making of Enron, leading to increase in pile of cases wherein Enron through its top management consciously made actions that defraud the employees and the public. There was also the case of poor public relations by Enron which fanned the flames of panic that removed any possible opportunity for Enron to remedy the financial situation without creating hysteria that saw many stockholders selling their stocks due to the continued falling of the stock value of Enron. Statement of Problem – The most important decision that Enron’s executives faced was not the decision on whether or not to publicly announce about the bankruptcy; in fact, there was no decision making factor during that instance since the predicament of the company has already been decided regardless of what the top executives might have opted for: they were flat out broke and the public needs to know about this, that was the situation. The true decision making moment for Enron’s bosses was the time when they were deciding what the best option to take is with regards to the financial aspect of the company, including taxes, earnings and financial loses. It was a matter of facing a decision making task that provided the Enron bosses with two options – to do the right thing, or to opt for something that is morally and ethically inappropriate. The decision reached in this particular decision making instance was laced with the hope that the option they took would be free from serious repercussions and give them enough time to fix it all up again. Unfortunately for Enron, things did not work out as planned, and the criminal liability of the Enron bosses stemmed from the fact that they decided to do something which they consciously knew was detrimental to the welfare of the Enron company and its employees. During that particular instance, Lay could have opted to do the right thing and faced the consequences – by coming clean, he may have a more sympathetic public to support him in whatever efforts he may wish to undertake to revive Enron, and not be faced with the collapsing stock value since those who can sell theirs sell it in a frantic phase to rid themselves of the stock of the company which is nearing imminent bankruptcy. This showed how the people do not give second chances to those who squander their decision making privileges by making decisions bereft of the consideration of the good of the greater many. Decision making – John Hintze (2006), in his discussion about making smart decisions during decision making, used the case of the Enron collapse to open his discussion and establish the fact that problems are something that is foreseen, something that happened nonetheless owing to bad decision making. Hintze wrote, ‘should we have seen 9/11 coming? What about the Enron collapse? The Signs were there; people pointed them out, but the appropriate steps were not taken by those in a position to do something. Why is this? Politics? Greed? Those certainly contributed, but there was something else at work here, too: A failure of common sense in decision making’ (Hintze, 2006, p. 123). Enron: Bad decision making – Nothing can prove more about how bad the decision making went inside Enron camp more convincingly than the fact the company transformed from prosperous to poor overnight. This was the general characteristic of Enron through the traits shown by its leaders that reflect the Enron personality. There were earlier discussions in the paper about snippets on instances pointing to Enron’s penchant for making bad decision or for going to the resolving of a problem utilizing an option that is more questionable. Fox (2004) explained that ‘Enron believed that its expansion into international projects were positive initiatives simply because they put the company in more potential markets. In truth, Enron made bad business decisions that weren’t supported by the deal’s economics. The bad business decisions piled up, stretching from India to Brazil, pressuring the company to do something about its finances’ (Fox, 2004,p. 307). At least at this point, Fox is not pointing at the unethical aspect of the Enron decision making machinery, just the fact that they made decisions that were bad for the future of the company, but not to the extent of deliberately sabotaging the company or putting the company in danger with all known risk for personal gain. For Fox, it was a bad call plain and simple. But the matter of the fact is that not everyone sees it the way Fox does, and there are those who believe that there were ethical breaches in the decision making in Enron among its top bosses. The (absence of) Leaders in decision-making – Decision making in retrospective is one of the common line of thinking used when investigating events that led to growth or debacle. It is because decision making played an important part in shaping the future of the company; it is here where the foundation, or lack of it, was created via the decisions the bosses made or failed to make. To trace the problems or mark significant actions resulting from decision making which eventually resulted to either the success or failure of the company, it is not only the decision making events that are looked back to; the persons that made them were also put under the microscope, and among the qualities scrutinized is their decision making ability and their other characteristics that affect their decision making attitude and behavior. Professionals debate about the idea of a good decision, a bad decision, good intentions and bad intentions and how the good and bad effect that comes into play afterwards account for the overall accountability of a person wielding the power to make decisions that will have a tremendous impact on the future of the company, something which happened in Enron via Lay, Skilling, Fastow and the rest of the top figures of the company. Acuff (2004) explains that ‘if they make a decision that might not have been the decision I would have made, and the y come and talk to me about it, we look at it and discuss it. There are a lot of different ways to skin the horse. I don’t go saying my idea is the only one that will get you where you want to go. I hold people accountable for good decision-making. If a bad outcome results from a bad decision – that’s a problem. But if a bad outcome results from a reasonable decision, then that’s business, and it could happen to anyone† (Acuff, 2004, p. 187). This was the predicament of those who are trying to evaluate the decision making actions of Enron top executives – did they make decisions, even bad decisions – with the sake of the company in mind, and gambled with their careers because they know that if their plans and actions go well, it is extremely beneficial for the company, in a very Machiavellian approach towards getting things done regardless of the means by which they did it, or were they just plain guilty of fraudulent actions? People who are burdened by the decision that impacts a lot of people is not always amenable to taking the high and moral grounds, that is why the adage about the end justifying the means, about getting things done at what ever cost, about delivering against the odds became popular because of people like the Enron bosses who (probably) acted upon their decision making duties by risking what can be a popularly bad decision. Indeed, it may be easy or even convenient for most people adversely affected by the Enron collapse to attribute the colossal corporate debacle to the top management figures of the company by criticizing their decisions as well as their faculty for sound decision making. While it is true that Enron’s top executives are responsible for the collapse of the company, it is not that easy to measure the level of ethical decision making attributes of Enron’s top brass. Goethals et al (2004) pointed out that â€Å"the complexity associated with ethical decision making and behavior, especially as it applies to leadership and the workplace, makes the construct extremely difficult to research†, adding that â€Å"Measuring an individual’s level of ethical decision making is challenging, particularly because the measurement instruments that are available have problems with priming and social-desirability effects; that is, questionnaires or other similar modes of data collection cue respondents to give answers that they believe are socially acceptable rather than answers that truly reflect their own actions or opinions (Goethals et. al., 2004, p. 461).† Proof of which is the fact that all of these executives in question are career corporate leaders even before they joined Enron; their credentials played an important role regarding their selection for a corporate position as high as theirs. Because of this, as well as the factors that affect the credibility of the ability for identification of the real public pulse regarding the persons involved in the issue, ethical decision making levels of the persons involved is hard to ascertain, making claims for questionable ethical decision making consideration of the people lose important ground and stand on insufficient set of stable legs for proof and justification. Still, there are those who believe that the level of ethics that influences the decision making capabilities of the Enron bosses are without a doubt questionable, and this includes Mimi Swartz and Sherron Watkins who was quoted in the book edited by Kathy Fitzpatrick and Carolyn B. Bronstein. In the article, it mentions about how Swartz and Watkins â€Å"blame Ken Lay, former CEO of Enron, and other company executives for privileging greed and arrogance over ethical business decisions† (Fitzpatrick and Bronstein, 2006, p. 179), the gist of the published work co-authored by the two individuals. Nalebuff and Ayres (2006) wrote that ‘the problem often arises because people ignore the costs and benefits that their decisions have on other people. We call this approach â€Å"Why don’t you feel my pain?† The more technical term for these effects is externalities. Decision makers who ignore externalities are bound to make bad decisions† (Nalebuff and Ayres, 2006, p. 67). This explanation greatly tarnishes the ethical value of the decision making ethics of Enron bosses because it shows that they are prone or inclined to make decisions even if the result of such decisions lead to negative effects that other people will experience. Niskanen (2005) believes that Lay, one of the top bosses of Enron, â€Å"should be judged on the basis of his personal actions, directions to subordinates, or the actions of subordinates that he implicitly condoned by knowing about it without attempting to correct – not on the basis of what he should have known† (Niskanen, 2005, p. 6). Lay’s condoning of actions is a result of a personal and professional decision that he made – or failed to make – and because of that, Niskanen believes that Lay is answerable for any criminal charges that would result from that particular action (or inaction). Watkins was thinking of the company and its employees and their future and hers as well, when she made the decision to let her superiors, particularly Lay, know about the possible accounting problems and the making public of the current and real financial and trade status of the company. This clearly illustrates the difference in ethics when it comes to decisio n making. Decision making, ethics and public perception – Decision making in business is not merely a power or a privilege that one can use at will without thinking of the consequences that might happen should the decision resulted into something that is considered as adversely negative and detrimental to the welfare of the employees, their jobs and the company they work for. Those who are provided with such amenity to go along with their job description should consider that it is also their responsibility to make sure that their employees and subordinates do not think that they are squandering away their decision making privilege and everything that goes along with it. This was the prevailing attitude or outlook of the Enron employees especially nearing the imminent collapse of the company. The absence of ethical consideration resulted to the losing of the credibility of the bosses of Enron because they were not careful with how they undertake their decision making tasks. While bankruptcy is something that is very difficult to accept and impacts greatly in the lives of the employees especially the rank and file blue collar workers, there is a sense of adding insult to injury during occasions wherein the employees are starting to realize that all of the unfortunate things that happen in the company and in their careers are all a result of the faulty, incompetent and unethical decision making of the top management echelon and not because the company was helpless in the onslaught of a devastating economic problem, like how companies closed down during the Great Depression despite the efforts of American businessmen to keep the different industries alive and breathing. During the collapse of Enron, the US is experiencing a very stable economy far from that which characterized US economy during the Great Depression, and is shielded securely from the impact of whatever it was that was happening in the global economic and business landscape, and so during the Enron collapse, the collective finger was pointing an accusing index digit to Enron bosses and majority of the cause of their indignation originates from the sloppy decision making capabilities of Enron bosses who lost their credibility the moment they lost Enron. Brazelton and Ammons (2002) wrote in the book they co-wrote: â€Å"The Ethics Resource Center conducted a survey in 2000 in which it learned that 43 percent of respondents believed that their supervisors are generally poor examples of honest managers, and the same number were pressured to compromise their own integrity or that of their organization during decision making. The survey also identified a strong connection between employees’ perceptions of their supervisors and their own ethical behavior (Brazelton and Ammons, 2002, p. 388).† Enron decision making: the two-pronged factors – It can be pointed out that one of the problems that happened to Enron is the ineffective of decision making among top executives – first, their top executives failed to make correct decisions when they are required to do so, and second, Enron was not fully complimented with a set of professionals which could have contributed to the decision making process, and in the process provided the possibility of infusing new or different ideas that could have altered the outcome of the decision making process. Fitzpatrick and Bronstein (2006) did not look exclusively on Enron’s bosses and the decisions they made in the management of Enron and the company’s money and asset, rather, the two editors focused on the absence of a key top managem ent personnel and took the presence of such a void as a sign that Enron is not even prioritizing the welfare of the company and its employees. The book Ethics in Public Relations: Responsible Advocacy, which includes the Enron case as one of the important case studies to point out the importance of the role of public relations, explains that â€Å"perhaps the governance of these companies was such that they did not care about their publics, and did not want the advice of senior-level public relations officer playing an active or dominant role in organizational decision making† (Fitzpatrick and Bronstein, 2006, pg 179). Conclusion – Niskanen (2005) summed up the Enron case on its characteristic of thriving in bad decisions made by its corporate leaders by saying in the book that ‘the most important lesson from the Enron collapse, however, is that Enron failed because of a combination of bad business decisions, not because its accounts were misleading’ adding that ‘the major business decisions that most contributed to its collapse were a series of bad investments, most of which were in the tra ditional asset-rich industries; the failure to reconcile two quite different business models; and the decision to focus management objectives on reported revenues and earning rather than on the present value of future cash flows’ (Niskanen, 2005, p. 6). Are they poor in decision making, or was the decision making adversely affected by other concerns and priorities outside of Enron that the results of the decision made for Enron looks like those who made the call did not even think about how this course of action will affect Enron? There are no sufficient proofs to point that the case was the latter; for a company that became seventh all in all in the Fortune 500 at least once, it is unthinkable how there will be conscious efforts to sink the company by making wrong decisions, deliberately or not. The point of the paper is not the assertion of the guild of Skilling, Lay or even Fastow, it’s the establishing of the point that decision making, when not handled properly, can turn even the most profitable company into a nose-diving wreck in a short period of time, that decision making plays an important role in how a person defines his or her life and how he or she leads a company and that because of these factors, no one should have an excuse why decision making was taken lightly and without much thought or care. All the people can see is a group of people who made wrong decisions several times, the resulting web and how they got trapped in that web, that is assuming that there was no malice or hidden agenda that the bosses perpetrated in lieu of Enron’s collapse. In the end, only Lay (now deceased) and the elite circle of the Enron executive clique will be the ones who would really know about the truth regarding ethics and the decision making in Enron leading to th e collapse of the company. Many would ask, and some would presume, the reasons as well as the level of guilt of these leaders when it comes to breaching the ethical requirements needed when undertaking decision making for a company. Regardless, the decisions they made created far reaching ripples and altered the lives of many individuals who invested not just their time, strength and life’s savings into the company but as well as their but as well as their faith and trust, which are not in shattered pieces because of the bad decisions that Enron executives made. Crawford (2006) further elaborated on the pointed by explaining that ‘bad decisions by a major company, however, cause major disruptions for all of the company’s stakeholders’. He pointed at the case of Enron as one of his examples, saying that ‘the Enron disaster, as one example, certainly had devastating impacts on the lives of most of Enron employees (including the middle managers and professionals who invested in the company-sponsored Enron 401[K] plans) and also caused suffering for many individual investors who purchased Enron stock on the open market. Thousands of other Enron stakeholders, including Enron’s suppliers and customers, also suffered,’ (Crawford, 2006, p. 26). Indeed, Enron’s decision making had a hand in how the company turned out to be. References: Acuff, Jerry and Wood, Wally (March 2004). Relationship Edge in Business: Connecting with Customers and Colleagues when It Counts. Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. Brazelton, Julia K. and Ammons, Janice L. (September 2002). Enron and beyond: Technical Analysis of Accounting, Corporate Governance and Securities Issues. CCH, Incorporated. Crawford, Curtis J. J. (November 2006). Compliance and Conviction: The Evolution of Enlightened Corporate Governance. XCEO, Incorporated. Ehringer, Ann G. (June 1995). Make up Your Mind: Entrepreneurs Talk about Decision Making by Ann G. Graham. Silver Lake Publishing. Fitzpatrick, Kathy, Bronstein, Carolyn B. (May 2006). Ethics in Public Relations: Responsible Advocacy. SAGE Publications. Fox, Loren. (2004). Enron: The Rise and Fall. Retrieved May 12, 2008, from http://www.wiley.com. Fusaro, Peter C., Miller, Ross M. and James, Tom (2002). What Went Wrong at Enron: Everyone’s Guide to the Largest Bankruptcy in U.S History. John Wiley and Sons. Goethals, George R., Burns, James MacGregor and Sorenson, Georgia (March 2004). Encyclopedia of Leadership. SAGE Publications. Hintze, John. (May 2006). Making Smart Decisions. Harvard Business School Press. Nalebuff, Ian Ayres (November 2006). Why Not?: How to Use Everyday Ingenuity to Solve Problems Big and Small. Harvard Business School Press. Niskanen, William A. (June 2005). After Enron: Lessons for Public Policy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Roberts, John. (May 2004). The Modern Firm: Organizational Design for Performance and Growth. Oxford University Press, USA.

Admission Essay on How College Education Will Change My Life

Admission Essay on How College Education Will Change My Life How Will College Education Change My Life? College is a very responsible and interesting stage of life for every person. It brings a whole bunch of changes, new emotions, liabilities and challenges. People should train a lot of professional and social skills, which determine a lot in their future life. I am no exception and want to use the limited time I have in college to gain profound knowledge in my chosen occupation and change my life for the better. First of all, after college I want to have enough knowledge to enter the university of my choice. I understand it clearly, that in order to do this I have to cultivate my abilities and dedicate proper time to studying. I am ready to do it. I know that college will offer lots of learning opportunities to me, and all I have to do is not to miss and use them to the maximum. Besides, I want to learn how to be independent from my parents. When studying at school, I lived with them and depended on them very much. Now I can receive a chance to study in the other city. I am sure that this experience will be very useful for shaping my character traits, self-confidence and self-dependence in partiicular. Moreover, I will plunge into the world full of new people. Thus, I receive a chance to train my socializing skills, and even gain more, such as organizational and leadership ones. I am sure that college will help me do it. This is only a

The Definitive Handbook to Gre Analytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay Topics

The Definitive Handbook to Gre Analytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay Topics Details of Gre Analytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay Topics You have to develop an argument for your side of the matter. If you take a close look at the statistics below, you must concur with me. The scenario will always be shown in the exact form. Needless to say, it's one of the most essential facets, but it isn't the only element. How to Find Gre Analytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay Topics on the Web No very good writer under sunlight writes two exactly same sentences within an essay or article. There's no experimental section on analytical writing, and within this section, you will have one hour in which you want to write two essays. This is the one most important point to look at when we discuss the significance of the essay section. ETS has not spoken out about the perfect length of an essay, and there is absolutely no word on the term limit as such. 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Personal Goals Essays - 607 Words

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I will fulfill a sense of achievement because I will have crossed the finish line. The process, like a race, is not easy but enduring the pain is worth the end result. Another personal goal tied into achievement would be that my daughter would see that I pursued my commitment to the very end. She will be able to learn by example not empty words. The advancement of my career is a continuous personal goal. Without the benefit of a complete formal education, I have moved up the corporate ladder swiftly and adeptly; having started as an Administrative Assistant and now retain the title of Program Manager and responsible for over 1M in contracts and a team of 15. Within the company’s organization, there are the Owners and Executive Vice Presidents, Vice Presidents (VPs), then Program Managers. 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Public Policy and its Impact Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.c

Question: Discuss about the Public Policy and its Impact. Answer: Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity[1] The above quoted lines from the poem The Second Coming by William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) clearly indicate the present state of the world. In the words of the poem the world is literally falling apart and the various international organizations as well as the first world nations which have so long held the world together are falling to keep it as a single entity in the present times. Thus, authors like Du Bois have commented I their books like The Wisdom of W.E.B. Du Bois about the danger which the world is facing at the moment in words like Eastward and westward storms are breaking,--great, ugly whirlwinds of hatred and blood and cruelty. I will not believe them inevitable. In light of these comments and statements the present scenarios of Syria, Greece, Europe, Rohingya and others become very significant. The ongoing crisis in the nation of Botswana is another case in instance. Therefore, the majority of the people of these crisis hit areas tend to seek political asylums in other developed nations of the world and thus become refugees[2]. However, it is often seen that the international migration are pitted against the poor and the suffering people of the countries where the crisis is taking place. Therefore, the people had to resort to unfair as well as illegal in order to safeguard their as well as their family members lives. Commenting on the grim nature of crisis which his nation is facing at the moment, Aberjhani says in his famous book Illuminated Corners: Collected Essays and Articles Volume I, Freedom rings bells to wake us from the comfort of beautiful dreams and empower the efforts that turn them into reality. It is to be noted that these lines have been written by Aberjhani in the particular context of the Syrian crisis but these lines can be extended to the other nations of the world as well which are facing crisis like Botswana, Europe, Rohingaya and others. However, it is significant to note that one common point among all these crises is the conflict between the common people and the national government. A typical example of this is the Syrian War crisis, where a crisis has been going on since the year 2011 between the national government of Syria, under the leadership of the Prime Minister, Bashar al-Assad and the citizens of the nations who are in opposition to the dictatorial rule of the P rime Minister[3]. Another example of this is the economic crisis which the nation Botswana is facing at the moment. According to the Vice President, Dr Ponatshego Kedikilwe of the nation Botswana, Botswana should brace themselves for another economic crisis during which the economy is likely to take a knock[4]. He goes on to give the reason for the economic crisis which the nation is facing at the moment in the words The world economic recession has hit hard on Botswanas economy, and we have been relying on loans for economic development since 2008/2009, resulting on a budget deficit[5]. Therefore, in order to counteract the effects of the economic crisis which the nation is facing at the moment the various citizens of the nation are trying to flee the nation to other safer places. However, it is to be noted that the various international immigration laws are often pitted against the poor refugees when they try to leave their nation hit by the crisis and try to take refuge elsewhere . As per the guidelines of the UNHCR (2018), The 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol as well as other legal texts, such as the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention, remain the cornerstone of modern refugee protection[6]. If the incident of the Syrian war crisis is taken into consideration then it will be seen that the United States of Americas aid to the Syrian Crisis since the year 2012 to till now is taken into consideration then it will go beyond $7 billion[7]. In addition to this, the government of Canada has contributed more than $1 billion towards the war crisis which the nation is facing at the moment[8]. In addition to this, both of these nations are providing political asylums to the refugees from these nations in a bid to ease out the crisis faced by the citizens of Syria. However, according to a statistics, there are more than a million refugees belonging to the nation of Syria alone and of this only 25,000 have been rehabilitated by the nation of Canada and around 40,000 b y the United States of America[9]. However, according to a report, the neighbouring nations of Syria are not providing adequate support to these refugees, whether be it in terms of financial or asylum support. These nations are of the view that the refugees of other nations will destabilize the status quo of their nation. In the opinion of Samantha Power, Half of Syria's refugees are children, and we know what can happen to children who grow to adulthood without hope or opportunity in refugee camps. The camps become fertile recruiting grounds for violent extremists. Therefore, there is an urgent need to help the refugees belonging to the various diverse nations of the world. The present crisis in Botswana if taken into consideration would also reveal the same facts. Just the war crisis in the nation of Syria, the people in the nation of Botswana are` also rising against the rule of the President, Joseph Kabila[10]. It is to be noted that the people of Botswana blame him in his inefficiency to control the economics of the nation because of which the nation is facing economic crisis at the moment. The situation reached such a grim level that the government had to put on hold several of its developmental plans which it started for the benefit of its citizens. According to an article in the newspaper Dailynews (2018), projects such as the Sefhope/Selebi Phikwe Road as well as Tshokwe/Tobane Road construction project were still on hold due to financial constraints. In addition, construction of an administration block at Mogapi Primary School as per the Village Development Committee request would also be on hold until funds were available[11]. The anger and th e vandalism of the people at this reached such a level that they started destroying the various governmental properties. According to the same article, people broke the water pipeline linking Mogapi to Mogapinyana to water their livestock..such vandalism would delay governments efforts to provide residents with portable water[12]. Therefore, many people just like the citizens of the nation of Syria are trying to migrate from the nation of Botswana to escape from the economic strains which the nation is facing at the moment. It is to be noted that Botswana is an African third world country with very few opportunities for economic growth as well as development. Therefore, the primary concern of the people of Botswana at the moment is that the economic crisis with which their nation has been hit with is likely to last for a few years at the least on account of the poor economic condition of the nation. According to a statistics released by the United Nations (2018), there are around 238 million migrants in the world at present which comprises of more than 3.4% of the entire world population[13]. Another statistics provided by the UNHCR (2018) states that An unprecedented 65.6 million people around the world have been forced from home. Among them are nearly 22.5 million refugees, over half of whom are under the age of 18[14]. Therefore, it would not be too far-fetched to say that migration and refugee crises are one of the major issues which the world is facing at the present moment. The International Migration Law is the legislative body which provides the precepts that guides the process of international migration from various third world countries of the countries of the world[15]. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), The International Migration Law Unit was established within IOM to strengthen and promote the Organizations involvement in International Migration Law (IML)[16]. The International Organisation for Migration also states that the primary objective of the International Migration Law is to encourage dissemination and understanding both within IOM and amongst IOM counterparts of the international legal standards that govern migration and provide protection of the rights of individuals involved in migration. The Unit thereby promotes migration governance within the rule of law[17]. However, in practice it is seen that the conventions of the International Migration Law are seldom followed by the migrants or the countries to which they are migrating. According to the opinion of George Orwell articulated in the novel Animal Farm, All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. This particular line of George Orwell speaks volume about the nature of power distribution in the world at present. Therefore, it is most commonly seen that the people from the first world countries get easy access to almost all the countries of the world however the people are the third world countries seldom get access to the first world countries even in times of crisis[18]. Thus, the people of the third world countries are often left at the mercy of fate during the times of crisis. It is often seen that International migration is governed by rules that are also stacked against the developing countries and in particular against the poor and unskilled in those countries[19]. It is often seen that the various nations of the world insist on the process of formal documentation which the poorer sections of the society seldom have at their disposal. It is often seen that the major impact of any crisis is taken by the people are living below the line of poverty and most of the time it is seen that these people are not even recorded in the official data of the nation[20]. Therefore, in times of crisis, these people do not get adequate support from the other countries of the world and even from their own country because of the absence of any record of their existence. Another major thing which is seen that it is true that the various first world countries of the world like the United States of America, Canada and others even international organizations like the United Na tions have made significant contributions towards the cause of the crisis with which the various third world countries have been inflicted in the recent times. However, it is also seen that the majority of this particular humanitarian aid does not get allocated to the poorer section of those countries. On the contrary, they are spent for the purpose of buying the weapons which are necessary to continue the war. This accounts for the rise of the various military industrial complexes. Another important thing to consider is that in the year 2017 there were more than a million refugees from the nation of Syria[21]. Of these only 23,000 were provided asylum by the nation of Canada and around 40,000 were provided asylum by the nation of the United States of America[22]. However, it is to be noted that the majority of the poorer section of the society of Syria do not boast of the economic means to travel to Canada or the United States of America in order to get safe political asylum. As a matter of fact, the poorer section of the society of Syria does not even have the adequate means to travel to the adjoining nations in search of safer environment. Therefore, just providing political asylum to the refugees is not enough. The various first world nations of the world should also devise means by means of which the various refugees of the crisis hit third world nations of the world can travel to the safer first world countries and find a congenial atmosphere there[23]. In addition to these, the various first world countries of the world have made the visa norms much more stringent. Therefore the majority of the poorer sections of the society find it very difficult to take the help of the services and humanitarian aids provided by the various first world countries of the world. Therefore, from the above discussion it becomes clear that the world is facing several crises at the moment which are a result of the unequal division of power among the various entities of the world. Therefore, the world is at present facing various issues, the chief among them being the refugee crisis. It is true that the various first world countries of the world like the United States of America, Canada, and others and even the international organizations like the United Nations have taken several initiatives to solve the problems faced by them, including monetary as well as asylum aids. However, it is to be noted that these aids as well as assistances are directed at the upper sections of the society and the poorer sections of the society rarely get the help of these aids and assistances. In addition to these, the various precepts of the International migration is governed by rules that are also stacked against the developing countries and in particular against the poor and unsk illed in those countries. References ABC News. 2018.'I don't want to be in Europe anymore': Hopes of a better life fade for refugees. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-03/what-if-migrating-to-europe-didnt-work-out-how-you-planned/9066482 [Accessed 19 Mar. 2018]. BBC News. 2018.Why is EU struggling with migrants and asylum?. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24583286 [Accessed 19 Mar. 2018]. Boehler, P. and Peanha, S. 2018.The Global Refugee Crisis, Region by Region. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/06/09/world/migrants-global-refugee-crisis-mediterranean-ukraine-syria-rohingya-malaysia-iraq.html [Accessed 19 Mar. 2018]. Botswana faces another economic crisis.2018 [online] Available at: https://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=449 [Accessed 19 Mar. 2018]. Federal government announces more humanitarian aid for Syria refugees. 2018.The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 14 March 2018, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-promises-more-humanitarian-aid-for-syria-refugees/article26346443/ International Migration Law.2018 [online] Available at: https://www.iom.int/international-migration-law [Accessed 19 Mar. 2018]. Key facts on the conflict in Syria and Iraq - Refugee Council of Australia. 2018.Refugee Council of Australia. Retrieved 4 March 2018, from https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/getfacts/international/causes/syrian-iraqi-conflict/?gclid=CjwKCAiAz-7UBRBAEiwAVrz-9dr6NkQ3Kp-bLuRhGDZT5pHoTU-LB3qrQFR5AcZqhr9baenMLCy7hhoCNcQQAvD_BwE Morello, C., Morello, C. 2018.U.S. gives $419 million more to aid Syrian refugees.Washington Post. Retrieved 4 March 2018, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-gives-419-million-more-to-aid-syrian-refugees/2015/09/21/7f0157c6-607e-11e5-8e9e-dce8a2a2a679_story.html?utm_term=.dbfe0759740c Publications.europa.eu. 2018.The EU and the migration crisis. [online] Available at: https://publications.europa.eu/webpub/com/factsheets/migration-crisis/en/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2018]. Refugees, U. 2018.Figures at a Glance.UNHCR. Retrieved 14 March 2018, from https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html Syria: The story of the conflict. 2018.BBC News. Retrieved 4 March 2018, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868 The number of displaced people in the world just hit a record high. 2018.World Economic Forum. Retrieved 14 March 2018, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/06/there-are-now-more-refugees-than-the-entire-population-of-the-uk/ Time. 2018.The 5 Big Questions About Europe's Migrant Crisis. [online] Available at: https://time.com/4026380/europe-migrant-crisis-questions-refugees/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2018]. U.S. Humanitarian Assistance in Response to the Syrian Crisis. 2018.U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 4 March 2018, from https://www.state.gov/j/prm/releases/factsheets/2017/269469.htm Un.org. 2018.The International Migration Report 2017 (Highlights) | Multimedia Library - United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. [online] Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/international-migration-report-2017.html [Accessed 19 Mar. 2018]. Unicef.org. 2018.Home page | UNICEF. [online] Available at: https://www.unicef.org/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2018]. Yeats, W.B., Hagstrom, F. and Gillespie, O.J., 2009.The second coming. Strong Silent Type Press.

Was Colonialism Good For Uganda Essay Research free essay sample

Was Colonialism Good For Uganda? Essay, Research Paper IntroductionThe yesteryear is another state, where it is merely possible to travel as a tourer, and which we will neer to the full understand. We can depict what we see, but it is far more hard to cognize why people acted in the manner they did, or what they believed, and why they believed it. Uganda excessively is another state, which did non even exist before the white adult male went at that place. Even the name reflects the thoughts of the first adventurers, whose gateway into the new district was via the Buganda folk, whom they were subsequently to utilize as their colonial agents as British regulation was extended. Those who? discovered? Ugandan and the beginning of the Nile which the first adventurers were seeking # 8211 ; work forces such as Speke and Stanley # 8211 ; and the soldiers and decision makers who came after them doubtless believed in the high quality of European civilization in a manner which we today would see intolerably racialist. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Colonialism Good For Uganda Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although they were impressed by the edification of Bugandan society, they implicitly assumed that Africa was more backward than Europe, that Africans would profit from exposure to Western criterions and practises, and of class from Christianity. To a grade this allowed them either to warrant or even to stamp down what now looks to be the petroleum world that their implicit in docket was the extension of British influence, the publicity of British commercialism, and the enlargement of the British Empire, all without mention to the existent wants of the Ugandan people. But so, even in Britain at thattime, democracy was a new thought and many people, including adult females, still did non hold the ballot. Having said that, many Ugandans would today accept that their state had at some phase to be brought into contact with the modern universe, and even that they were relatively lucky in being colonised by the British instead than by, for case, the Belgians whose barbarous regulation in the Congo was far crueller than that of the British Protectorate in Uganda. Furthermore, the fact that the reaching of the British in Uganda was non accompanied by the larceny of African land for white husbandmans # 8211 ; as it was in Zimbabwe or Kenya # 8211 ; meant that some of the resentment and bitterness felt about European regulation in some African states was non a characteristic in Uganda. So race dealingss, even today, are more relaxed in Uganda than in many parts of the Continent. In this undertaking I have tried to explicate the history of the reaching of white work forces in Uganda, and how this procedure left some of import mistake lines in Ugandan society which were to stalk the freshly independent phase one time the British had left. Can the Victorian adventurers who foremost came to Mutesa? s collapsible shelter be blamed for what was to go on a hundred old ages? subsequently? Even if they could, what would be the point of making so? It seems to me that the best we can trust to make is to seek and understand how and why things happened, in order to seek harder to believe about what might be the cultural premises with which we see the universe, and which the hereafter will certainly happen to be likewise unusual and foreign. For one twenty-four hours we shall be the past, the dwellers of another state for those who will look back and inquire why we acted in the manner we did, what we believed, and why we believed it. The beginning of foreign intrusion- Kabaka Mutesa- King of the Baganda By 1800, the tribal groups in the state we now call Uganda were reasonably cut off from the outside world.. But in the mid-19th Century the first Swahili-speaking slave bargainers arrived on the East Coast of Uganda. Their leader was a adult male called Ahmed Bin Ibrahim. He shortly made contact with the dominant regional power, Buganda. Buganda at that phase was ruled by a adult male called Kabaka ( i.e. King ) Mutesa, who allowed Ibrahim to run from Kampala, the capital. Mutesa even collaborated with the bargainers in slave-raiding parties in the neighbouring parts. But shortly Ibrahim, although claiming he had simply come for concern intents, tried to enforce the thought of encompassing Islam upon Kabaka Mutesa, and more Arabians arrived in Buganda. After 1850 Europeans started to dribble into Buganda and the part. The first was John Hanning Speke who came in 1862 in hunt of the beginning of the Nile. It is of import non to be excessively romantic about life in the Kingdom of Buganda when white work forces arrived. When Speke showed Mutesa how guns worked by hiting four cattles, Mutese gave a rifle to a page and asked him to prove it by hiting a adult male in the outer tribunal, which the page quickly did. From Speke? s history, cipher around Mutesa even bothered to inquire who had been killed.The find of the beginning of the Nile prompted involvement in the country from Egypt, which feared that the beginning could fall into hostile custodies given the importance of the Nile for the economic life of Egypt. But efforts by the swayer of Egypt, Khedive Ismail, to integrate the beginning of the Nile into the Equatoria Province of the Egyptian Empire were thwarted by Mutesa and the Bunyoro King Kabelaga, who defeated ground forcess and Egyptian agents such as Samuel Banker. The Buganda and the Bunyoro had long been challengers for domination, but found themselves as spouses in the atte mpt to defy colonialism.The concluding blow to the Egyptian strategy was finally to be delivered by the Mahdist rebellion in the Sudan ( included in the Egyptian imperium since the 1820s ) , which efficaciously blocked Egyptian progresss into Uganda. But by this phase Islam had started to take root. Indeed, Kabaka Mutesa had half-heartedly welcomed this religion although he had resisted existent transition. There ensued struggle between the Muslims and Mutesa in 1867, taking to the combustion of many Arabs. These were the first of many Ugandan sufferer. When Henry Morton Stanley a Welsh ( but feigning to be American ) adventurer reached Buganda in 1875, Mutesa asked him to set up for Christian missionaries to come to Buganda. It is extremely improbable that Mutesa knew precisely what he was making. His chief purpose was likely that the Christians would convey guns with them which he could utilize to guard off the Egyptians.Stanley wrote a missive to Britain appealing for Christian missionaries to be sent to Buganda. This received an immediate response, with generous fiscal contributions pouring into the caissons of the Anglican missionaries of the Church Missionary Society who arrived in Uganda in 1877 as the first group of Christian missionaries. Two old ages subsequently they were followed by the Catholic White Fathers lead by Father Lourdel who was called by the Bagandans? mapera? . But the separate Protestant and Catholic missional attempts unhappily set the phase for some of the spiritual struggles to come. Mutesa and his court iers were bewildered by the two sets of white work forces each claiming to stand for a trade name of Christianity more valid than the other. When Kabaka Mutesa died in 1884, his boy Mwanga was a volatile head-strong adolescent who took the throne merely as the complex spiritual competitions in Buganda were constructing to a flood tide. Thingss were acquiring out of control. The Muslims, Catholics and Protestants had turned themselves into inchoate political parties and were viing for political influences around the royal household and the tribunal Lords. The Muslims took advantage of their longer stay in the state and argued to Mwanga that the existent purposes of the Christians were non spiritual but to colonize Buganda and take the land. Mwanga hence decided to halt any Christians entering Buganda. When he heard that Bishop Hannington was about to get in Buganda, Mwanga ordered that Hannigton be killed before he reached Buganda. He besides tried to forestall the Baganda people from go toing the missionaries? categories, but many of them resisted his attempts. In February 1886 he had a few of them burned to decease at Namugongo, followed by a mass combustion of Christian converts in June that twelvemonth, many of them roasted on a tongue. This move misfired severely, since alternatively of turning off from Christianity the Baganda sought to be baptised in turning Numberss. Mwanga was progressively disturbed by the spiritual activities in Buganda and planned to trail away from his land all foreign spiritual groups. But he failed, and in fact his secret plan to trail themaway provoked unfastened rebellion against him by the two Christian groups and the Muslims. In 1888 Mwanga was overthrown. But every bit shortly as Mwanga had left the scene, the Christian-Muslim confederation broke up The Moslems staged their putsch by put ining a Muslim- Kalema # 8211 ; as the Kabaka. Hostilities ensued between the Muslims and the Christians, with the Christians coercing the Muslims to fly from Kampala, the capital of Buganda. The Christians groups so rallied behind their former tormentor Mwanga and eventually managed to subvert the Muslim government in 1889. Mwanga was reinstated but existent power had really passed to the Christian leaders who had a immense influence over the people. The British take over.The above events were go oning against the background of an increasing scuffle for Africa by the major European powers. The Congress of Berlin had decided in 1885 that the whole of Eastern Africa was to be a German and British domain of influence. Trading companies were hence formed to claim countries of East Africa on behalf of their several states. The Germans moved fast and made several pacts around Mount Kilimanjaro and within countries on the Tanzanian seashore. The British besides plunged into the race but fearing that the Germans might acquire in front of them they pressed for an Anglo- German understanding which was signed in 1886. This understanding practically gave Kenya to Britain and Tanganyika to Germany. Neither the British nor the Germans asked the local people for their positions. The 1886 understanding left the inquiry of who was to take over Uganda unsettled, and, struggle shortly arose with the German agent, Carl Peters reasoning a pact of protection with Mwanga. Peters achieved this with the support of the Gallic Catholic missionaries who hadhelped to set Mwanga back on the throne. The British worried that the German authorities might do Peters? associated state functionary, and so engaged in some frenetic diplomatic negotiations taking to an Anglo-German understanding in 1890. Under this understanding, the British gave the Germans # 8211 ; at that phase dreaming of constructing up their naval power # 8211 ; an island called Heligoland in the North South ( merely approximately three stat mis about, a waste stone covered with seagull dungs ) , in exchange for the Germans giving up any claim to Uganda, or Zanzibar or Equatoria ( about 100.000 square stat mis of Africa in all ) , which would go British associated states. Captain Lugard of the Imperial British East African Company ( IBEA Co ) was the polar figure in the constitution of existent British regulation. He arrived in 1890 and started to work out a manner of colonizing the whole of Uganda. Immediately, when he arrived he concluded a pact of protection with Mwanga. The Bunyoro remained a important obstruction. From 1869 Kabalega, the swayer of Bunyoro, had re-organised his forces and embarked on the reconquest of lost districts that had one time belonged to him. By 1890 Kabalega ha already chased away Kasagama of the Kingdom of Toro, who fled to Buganda. Lugard moved on to Toro to reconstruct Kasagama, and so he turned his attending to Ankole. He returned to Buganda in 1892 merely to happen that the Protestants and Catholics # 8211 ; with the Muslims now defeated -had fallen out. Lugard intervened on the side of the Protestants giving them the guns to guarantee their triumph.Thereafter Buganda was carved up along spiritual lines. The Catholics were given Buddu, the Muslims retired to Butambala and Gomba and the Protestants took the counties near to and environing the town of Kampala. Unfortunately, these spiritual divisions were to be replicated elsewhere in Uganda as British influence spread. By 1982, the IBEA Co. was already in fiscal troubles. The company threatened to draw out of Buganda unless the British authorities built a railroad to associate from Uganda to the seashore. The argument in Britain was whether to retain Uganda or non. In 1892, Sir Gerald Portalwas sent to Uganda to measure the state? s potency, to see if Uganda was deserving colonising. The cardinal point was that African states like Uganda were chiefly seen in footings of their economic potency for the imperial power. There was so some relucatance in Britain to busy Uganda because at first there did non look to be an obvious stuff advantage in making so. But the other statement used by those desiring to command Uganda was that the presence of the beginning of the Nile in that state gave it strategic importance both in relation to Egypt and the Suez Canal through which ships sailed to the gem in the imperial Crown, India. Furthermore, there was concern that if Britain did non occupy Uganda, person else would – most likely France – therefore seting wider British involvements at hazard. Portal really arrived in Buganda in 1893 and made a favorable study and in 1894 Uganda was officially declared a British Protectorate. But still the state of affairs in Uganda was non unagitated, Colonel Colville, who was sent out as the Acting Commissioner to Uganda in 1894, had many jobs to decide. His first undertaking was to incorporate the Bunyoro swayer Kabalega who had chased off Kasagama from the Toro throne for a 2nd clip. In 1896 a combined force of Sudanese, Baganda and British soldiers defeated Kabalega and chased him from his capital at Mparo. In order to satisfy the Baganda portion of the Bunyoro land was given to Buganda. These alleged? lost counties? were to stay a heatedly disputed political issue into the early yearss of Uganda? s independency. But in 1897 problem broke out once more when the Bugandan Kabaka Mwanga, unhappy with his new low-level place, rose against the British and joined Kabalega in the swamps of Langa. On top of that, some Sudanese soldiers who had been engaged by Captain Lugard revolted against being overworked and underpaid.. The British called in Indian regiments stationed in Mombassa and defeated the Sudanese soldiers. They so proceeded to capture Kabalega and Mwanga, and sent them into expatriate, foremost to Kismayu so to the Seychelles Islands where Mwanga died. Kabalega waseventually allowed to return in 1923 but he died in Busoga on his manner place to Bunyoro. The problems with Kabalega, Mwanga and the Sudanese soldiers meant that the British had to pass more money than they expected seting down the assorted rebellions. As the British tax-payers were bitterly kicking, the British Government sent Sir Harry Johnstone as a Particular Commissioner to Uganda to look into the state of affairs, to invent ways through which Uganda could pay for disposal, and to seek a lasting confederation with Baganda thereby doing them lend to the colonization of the remainder of Uganda. Sir Harry Johnstone arrived tardily in 1899. His treatments and dialogues with the Christian leaders and the Baganda heads in 1900 led to signature of the Buganda Agreement in that twelvemonth. The Buganda Agreement of 1900Although this Agreement was to be the basis of the British presence in Uganda, it merely concerned the British and the Buganda. The Agreement fixed the boundaries of Buganda for the first clip, including the two? lost counties? taken from the Bunyoro in 1896. The Kabaka was allowed to go on governing Buganda, but his determinations were to be capable to blessing by the British Commissioner occupant inUganda. The Bugandan Parliament # 8211 ; the Lukiiko # 8211 ; was confirmed as Buganda? s legislative organic structure and its rank was fixed at 89. All land in Buganda had antecedently belonged to the Kabaka. But now it was split into crown land on? mailo? land. The Kabaka and his heads, peculiarly the Protestant 1s who had helped the British, benefitted from this understanding and many became successful landlords, bear downing high rents for their renters. On the fiscal forepart, the Agreement besides introduced hut-tax and gun-tax, so as to finance the running of the protectorate disposal without burthening the British tax-payers. From the British point of position, the debut of these revenue enhancements had the added advantage of forcing local husbandmans into cultivation of cash-crops such as java and cotton in order to pay their revenue enhancements. The constitution of British ruleHaving put down roots in Buganda, the British moved rapidly and established their regulation over Toro, Bunyoro, Ankole and Kigezi. The undertaking of? lenifying? the E was efficaciously done for them by Semei Kakungulu, a Muganda general who had joined in the wars against Bunyoro and had played a large function in the concluding gaining control of Kabalega and Mwenga. Having got clasp of the cardinal part, the West and the E, the British moved easy towards the North. Very easy # 8211 ; in 1906 so they decided non to integrate districts north of the Nile into Uganda partially on the evidences of the cost and attempt which would be required to repress the northern folk. But this policy was reversed in 1911, and by 1919 the British had eventually completed the conquering of contemporary Uganda. The British had few work forces at their disposal to govern Uganda. They hence preferred to utilize a system called? indirect regulation? . This meant that they ruled through the traditional heads of some folks, chiefly the Buganda whom they frequently posted in other parts of Uganda in a sub-imperialistic function. The Bugandan system of authorities was hence transplanted to other parts of Uganda, even those without such a tradition of kingly regulation, while Buganda itself was run as a privileged province within a province. This caused considerable bitterness against the Buganda agents. Indeed, in 1907 the Bunyoro rose in rebellion against the Buganda agents. Over clip, the British realised that this system was non sustainable, and after 1920 they replaced the agents with local people. But the memory of this period was to digest, peculiarly in Bunyoro where there was besides go oning ill-feeling over the? lost? counties.Uganda was by and large calm between 1920 and 1938, although Africans were excluded from existent political power. In 1921, the colonial authorities set up a Legislative Council. But this merely represented British and Asiatic involvements. The chief cause of discord with the Buganda was over land, with the landlords who had benefited from the 1900 Agreement demanding heavy rents, but these concerns were in the chief met with the transition of statute law in 1927 to command the rents on such? mailo? land. The British besides relied on a turning figure of Asians as middle-men to run the economic system. For case, in the cotton industry, merely Europeans and Asians had the right to have cotton jineries # 8211 ; Africans were forced to stay as simply the agriculturists of the natural green goods. But for all its defects, the administrative system which was imposed upon Uganda gave autochthonal Ugandans far greater liberty than was found elsewhere in British-ruled Africa. From the African point of position, the good intelligence was that the protectorate authorities discouraged white husbandmans from settling in Uganda as they had in Zimbabwe and Kenya. However restricted the function of Ugandans in the economic system, many parts however attained a high grade of economic autonomy, the Local Government Ordinance of 1949 which divided Ugandan into 18 territories gave considerable powers to local African decision makers. The churches remained largely responsible for instruction, with the consequence that kids tended to turn up within a Protestant or a Catholic environment, a division which was later to be reflected in the formation of Ugandan political parties. The Muslims were really much a 3rd, and underprivileged, category. The country which suffered most from British policy was the North, which was neglected in footings of instruction and neer provided with the conveyance links which would hold enabled husbandmans to export their merchandises to other parts of the state. So the people of the North were forced to direct their kids south in hunt of work, and they became a beginning of recuits for the ground forces and the constabulary force.The build-up to independenceThe demand for independency after World War II was slow to construct up in Uganda compared to other African settlements. This was likely due to a figure of factors, including the deficiency of widespread European colony to move as a trigger for bitterness, and besides to the fact that the position quo instead suited Buganda? s Protestant elite. Uganda? s foremost anti-colonial party, the Uganda National Congress ( UNC ) was non founded until 1952. The first serious call for independency came from an improbable beginning # 8211 ; the unpopular Kabaka Mutesa II who in 1953 defied the British by smartly opposing the proposed federation of Uganda with Kenya and Tanzania. Behind this was Bugandan concern that federation would intend the loss of their particular position and laterality by Kenya. When the Governor of Uganda refused to give Mutesa any particular warrants sing a particular position for Buganda in such a federation, Mutesa demanded independency for Buganda entirely. The Governor so exiled Mutasa to Britain. This made the Kabaka a really popular figure, for standing up to the British, and in 1955 he was allowed to return and to subscribe a new Buganda Agreement giving him and his authorities even greater federal powers. Sadly, Mutesa did non utilize his popularity to assist unite Uganda, but continued to concentrate merely on inquiries such as Buganda? s position which merely reinforced the mistake lines in Ugandan poli tical relations. The state? s first of import political party, the Democratic Party ( DP ) , was founded in 1956 by a Catholic Bugandan called Matayo Mugwanya. Mutesa had rejected him as a campaigner for the Prime Ministership of Buganda because he was a Catholic, and the DP became a platform for the grudges of Catholics who felt themselves to be second-class citizens.The formation of the Uganda People? s Union ( UPU ) came in 1958 when for the first clip a quota of Africans was elected to national flat authorities. It was an confederation of non-Baganda leaders, and it merged in 1959 with the non-Baganda component of the older UNC led by Milton Obote, who came from the North of Uganda, top signifier the preponderantly Protestant Uganda People? s Congree ( UPC ) . The Baganda component of the UNC combined with members of the federal authorities of Buganda to organize the pro-Protestant and pro-Buganda Kabaka Yekka ( intending? Kabaka everlastingly? , KY ) . IndependenceThe phase was set for the calamity which was to follow Ugandan independency. The DP won the pre-Independence 1961 elections ( mostly because of a boycott by the Baganda ) and their leader Benedicto Kiwanuka became Prime Minister when Uganda was granted self-determination in March 1962. But an confederation between the UPC and the KY, based on their anti-Catholicism, gave them triumph in the elections which came shortly afterwards, and it was Milton Obote who lead Uganda to independence in October 1962 as Prime Minister, with the Kabaka as caput of state.. Uganda at independency was hence disconnected along spiritual and cultural lines, with Buganda holding full federal position while the other lands merely had semi-federal position, and the remainder of the state # 8211 ; including the north # 8211 ; was linked straight to cardinal authorities. Moreoever, Obote? s bulk in Parliament was based on an confederation with the Baganda which was based entirely on spiritual evidences. All in all, the state of affairs was unquestionably frail. The issue which tested the new province was the old one of the? lost counties? of Bunyoro. In 1964, Obote decided to settled the inquiry by keeping a referendum in the counties, to inquire the people whether they wanted to be portion of Bunyoro or Buganda. Inevitably, about 80 % voted in favor of Bunyoro, doing a serious difference between Obote and the Kabaka and the terminal of the delicate confederation between the UPC and the KY. Obote remained Prime Minister because adequate DP and KY politicans had defected to his party for him to retain a Parliamentary bulk. But go oning tensenesss between Obote and the Kabaka caused a Constitutional crisis in 1966 when Obote overthrew the Constitution, and stripped the Kabaka of his function as caput of province. When the Kabaka appealed to the United Nations to step in, Obote sent his ground forces # 8211 ; led by an officer called Idi Amin # 8211 ; to assail the royal castle. The Kabaka fled, but several of his protagonists were massacred. Obote so pushed through a new Constitution, doing himself Life President and get rid ofing the Kingdoms, and giving the ground forces limitless powers to confine people without test. Faced with go oning Bugandan bitterness, Obote had to trust more and more on force to remain in power. He appointed Amin his Army Commander. In 1969 Obote banned the DP and other political parties. He was deposed by Amin in 1971, while in Singapore for a Commonwealth Conference. The chief ground seems to hold been that Obote was impeaching Amin of stealing $ 4million from the military budget.